Wow! that circuit board looks perfect for communicating via usb! I was thinking along the lines of programming a microcontroller and getting a USB breakout board, but that's much easier to use. On the downside, it's $90 (I hate soldering microcontrollers), whereas the raw parts (Not including assembly, programming, or the circuit board) are probably worth $10 or less. Still, unless you're a circuitry hot shot, that looks like the way to go.
It sounds simple enough to use. I think you could hook up 5 buttons, and 2 potentiometers easily enough. The two analog outputs look pretty nifty.
To hook it up, first, familiarize yourself with circuitry if you haven't already. If you've never soldered or hooked up a stable power supply (It looks like this system runs on 5V, so in this case, hooking up a power supply could mean a 9V battery hooked up to a 5V voltage regulator), then definitely do so before ruining a $90 board.
If you already know (kinda sorta) what you're doing, then a 5V (i think) power regulator, hooked up to some buttons, which are in turn hooked up to the USB inputs should suffice.
[edit]
oh wait, that board is powered via USB... that simplifies things! It also looks like the inputs can have up to a 50V input, so no worries there either. You should do fine with a 9V battery hooked straight up to some buttons (I dunno if the inputs can run straight off the USB power supply. If they can, you don't even need a battery - which is nice)