I think that most (if not all) arduinos are based around an ATMega chip. The website actually sells the
ATMega 168 and
ATMega 328 chips with the arduino bootloader already installed, if you want to build your own Arduino based system.
@dab:
For a beginner learning to program microchips, I'd start out at nerdkits.com, because they have written tutorials, and will help you if you e-mail them with a question. These tutorials helped me a LOT with the software-side of all of this, as well as hooking up power supplies and the lot.
Pertaining to this sale, I'm not usually one for kits,
but this beginner kit looks great. The ATMega168 (link above) is also really good, a lot of Arduinos are based around that chip, as are the NerdKits. That, and some basic power supply stuff, and you'll be set.
[edit]
I should say that i'm still pretty much a beginner, so don't take my words as concrete in any way