Quote: "what will happen if more than 4 billion computers want to connect to the internet at the same time?"
It's worse than that, companies buy blocks and may not be using all of them concurrently. Also, addresses starting 10.x , 192.x, and 127.x are local addresses. There have been plans in the making for many years to overcome this issue, don't know where they are at?
Quote: "There are functions in various programming languages that can resolve a hostname (like google.com) to it's ip address (85.x.y.z).
But it's also possible to get the hostname by the ip-address!"
It's called Reverse DNS Lookup